Crohn's disease is a chronic, segmental inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. It may involve either or both the small and large intestine, yet the majority of cases involve the terminal ileum. Clinical presentation and numerous possible complications correlate with anatomic location. In the general population, about 6 to 7 per 100,000 people acquire Crohn's disease yearly.

The etiology of Crohn's is unknown. Various hypotheses include autoimmune, microbial pathogen, virus, and abnormal immune response theories.

• Age—peak incidence at 15 to 25 and 55 to 65 years of age
• Jews (three to eight times more common than general population)
• Caucasians > blacks, but gap is narrowing
• Females, slightly
• Genetic tendency
• Smokers

• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain, distention
• Fatigue
• Weight loss, malnutrition
• Fever

Possible symptoms:

• Diarrhea
• Bleeding
• Perianal involvement
• Fistulae
• Vomiting, nausea
• Megacolon

Extraintestinal symptoms:

• Colitic arthritis
• Ankylosing spondylitis
• Urinary tract—infections, occlusions
• Uveitis, episcleritis, thrombosis
• Hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver, pericholangitis
• Gallstones, sclerosing cholangitis
• Erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum
• Kidney stones
• Renal amyloidosis

• Ulcerative colitis
• Behçet's syndrome
• Appendicitis
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Ileitis
• Amebiasis
• Diverticulitis
• Hemorrhoids, anal fissures

The patient appears weak, showing signs of malnutrition. The abdomen may be tender or distended on palpation. Auscultation reveals hyperactive bowel. Fistulas may be apparent.

• Blood work may show anemia, thrombocytosis, decreased hematocrit, increased orosomucoid levels, elevated leukocyte count (sometimes indicating abscess), malnutrition
• Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate—especially in colonic disease
• Hypoalbuminemia—indicates severity and malnutrition
• B₁₂ and folate deficiency

• Inflammation
• Transmural (extending from mucosa to serosa through bowel wall)
• With fibrosis, leads to obstruction, strictures, intestinal wall thickening, lumen narrowing
• Transmural inflammation forms transmural fissures
• Mesentery—edematous and thickened
• Cobblestoning—aphthoid ulcers enlarge and connect to form stellate and linear ulcers, producing a nodular appearance as ulcers are separated by areas of normal mucosa
• Fistulas—develop from base of aphthoid ulcers
• Abscesses—crypt abscesses with neutrophil infiltrate
• Decreased size of bile salt pool from extensive ileal resection results in fat malabsorption
• Polymorphonuclear cells in surface epithelium
• Granulomas—in submucosa, liver, lymph nodes, peritoneum, mesentery
• Axonal necrosis of autonomic nerves

• Computed tomography—shows abscesses, perforations, bowel wall thickening, perianal disease
• Barium X rays—show lesions, strictures, ulcers, fistulae, narrowed lumen; side effect—barium enema may induce toxic megacolon in some colitis cases
• Single contrast radiography—shows colonic dilation with toxic megacolon
• Ultrasound— shows abscesses (used for percutaneous drainage procedures), bowel wall thickening
• Fluoroscopy—shows thickening of mesentery, bowel wall

No single finding is diagnostic. Diagnosis is based on history, laboratory, clinical, and endoscopic findings.

• Proctoscopy—if abnormal, rules out irritable bowel syndrome; may reveal aphthoid ulcers
• Colonoscopy—shows extent of mucosal disease, lesions, strictures, ulcers; biopsies taken may reveal granulomas, inflammation

Although some treatments delay recurrence, all treatments, including surgery, are strictly palliative.

Corticosteroids—prevents/suppresses inflammation; first rule out abscesses, can cause sepsis; ineffective maintenance therapy; side effects, osteoporosis and cataract formation; dose reduced by concurrent immunosuppressive and antidiarrheal drugs.

• Prednisone—20 to 40 mg/day for 10 to 14 days, taper by 5 mg every 7 to 10 days after four to six weeks or maintain at 5 to 10 mg/day for chronic activity; one- to three-week response time
• Parenteral corticosteroids—for severe symptoms

Sulfasalazine—500 mg bid increasing to 3 to 4 g/day if tolerated, take with folic acid 1 mg/day; mainstay for colonic involvement; three- to four-week response time; side effects—dyspepsia, nausea, neutropenia, hemolysis, may be controlled with lower dose; active agent is 5-ASA.

• Oral 5-ASA—(e.g., mesalamine up to 4.8 mg/day), three- to four-week response time; prolongs remission; well tolerated
• Enema or suppository 5-ASA—(e.g., mesalamine); six-week response time

Immunosuppressives—block lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and effector mechanisms; for patients refractory to other treatments.

• 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine—begin at 50 mg/day, increasing to 2 mg/kg/day if tolerated; three-month response time; with ileal resection; side effects—leukopenia, hepatitis, pancreatitis, rash
• Methotrexate—25 mg/week intramuscularly for three months then change to oral and taper, take with folic acid 1 mg/day; side effects—leukopenia, pneumonitis, liver abnormalities, requiring liver biopsy after 1,500 mg total dose
• Cyclosporine—5 to 7.5 mg/kg/day; few days response time but frequent renal toxicity

Antidiarrheal drugs—loperamide and diphenoxylate; cholestyramine (4 g/day or bid ) and a low-fat diet for ileal resection; risk of toxic megacolon with severe disease; limit addictive agents; bran and psyllium good stabilizers

Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy—for abscesses, colitis, ileocolitis, ileal resection, perianal disease (e.g., metronidazole 10 mg/kg/day); two- to four-week response time; side effects include nausea, anorexia, paresthesias (reversible, dose dependent); six-month use may prolong remission.

Psychotropic agents and support groups for psychosocial pressures.

Indicated in 70% of patients; for abscesses, fistula, obstruction, toxic megacolon, recurrent hemorrhaging, and failure of medical management; not curative. Repeated surgeries may be required, with possible consequence of short bowel syndrome.

Although the etiology of Crohn's disease is not understood, nutritional support and herbal therapies can be very effective at minimizing the sequelae of malabsorption as well as possibly facilitating the healing of gut mucosa. Specifically, nutrition and herbs can enhance the integrity of the intestinal mucosa by possibly restoring the mucosal barrier and reducing intestinal permeability. Homeopathy may be helpful in acute cases. Mind-body therapies, such as meditation, yoga, and tai chi may help reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations.

• Eliminate all known allergens in addition to highly allergenic foods linked to Crohn's disease, specifically, wheat, corn, and dairy. Eliminate pro-inflammatory foods and saturated fats such as caffeine (including chocolate), animal products, sugar, and alcohol.
• Consider an elimination/challenge or a five-day rotation diet.
• Increase fiber and omega-3 oils (e.g., flaxseed oil, 1 tbsp./day).
• Normalize gut microflora with supplementation of acidophilus (one capsule with meals).
• Replace vitamins and minerals associated with malabsorption syndromes: A (50,000 IU/day), E (400 to 600 IU/day), B₁₂ (1,200 mcg/day), folate (800 mcg, 1,200 mcg/day with sulfasalazine use), C (1,000 mg tid), calcium (1,000 mg/day), magnesium (400 mg/day), zinc (30 to 40 mg/day), selenium (200 mcg/day).
• Eliminate refined, processed products that may compromise gut mucosa.

Herbs may be used as dried extracts (pills, capsules, or tablets), teas, or tinctures (alcohol extraction, unless otherwise noted). Dose for teas is 1 heaping teaspoon herb/cup water steeped for 10 minutes (roots need 20 minutes).

• Robert's Formula is a traditional herbal blend that may help to soothe intestinal tissues, restore the integrity of the intestinal barrier, and reduce inflammation. Robert's Formula: marshmallow root (Althaea officinalis), wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), geranium (Geranium maculatum), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), poke root (Phytolacca americana), comfrey (Symphytum officinale), slippery elm (Ulmus fulva), cabbage powder, pancreatin, and niacinamide. Two capsules bid to qid.
• Flavonoids can help reduce inflammation and minimize reactions to food sensitivities. Quercetin (500 mg) before meals.
• Marshmallow tea (1 qt. daily) is soothing. Make a cold-water extraction by soaking 1 heaping tablespoon of root in 1 quart of cold water overnight. Drink throughout the day.

An experienced homeopath would consider an individual's constitutional type to prescribe a more specific remedy and potency. Some of the most common acute remedies are listed below. Acute dose is three to five pellets of 12X to 30C every one to four hours until symptoms resolve.

• Aloe for gushing diarrhea with clumps of mucus; sense of weakness and venous congestion in the anus
• China officinalis for diarrhea with bloating and rumbling ameliorated by hard pressure
• Podophyllum for explosive, foul, watery diarrhea that may be yellow, pasty, mucus-filled, or bloody
• Mercurius vivus for offensive stools accompanied by a sensation of fullness

May help normalize digestive function

May help relieve stress

Closely monitor patients during periods of active disease. Counseling and support may be necessary due to long duration of active disease and chronicity.

• Obstruction—from adhesions, scarring, mucosal thickening, muscular hyperplasia
• Abscesses—15% to 20% of patients; occur in terminal ileum, liver, spleen, site of anastomosis
• Fistulas—20% to 40% of patients; commonly enteroenteric or enterocutaneous; usually involves terminal ileum
• Colon cancer—with colonic Crohn's only; younger onset, higher incidence than general population, increases with duration
• Perianal disease—ulcers, abscesses, fistulas; may destroy anal sphincter

• Within 10 years of diagnosis, 60% to 70% of patients have surgery, with a 70% rate of recurrence at one year
• Periods of remission

• Spontaneous abortion—slightly higher (12.2% versus 9.9%); premature births and defects—similar to general population
• Corticosteroids and sulfasalazine—considered relatively safe
• Sulfasalazine causes reversible male sterility
• Immunosuppressive drugs are teratogenic
• Inactive Crohn's disease at conception usually remains inactive

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