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Taurine
Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an organic acid.
It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the lower intestine and, in small amounts, in the tissues of many animals, including humans
Taurine is a derivative of the sulfur-containing (sulfhydryl) amino acid cysteine.
Taurine is conjugated via its amino terminal group with chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid to form the bile salts sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate. The low pKa of taurine's sulfonic acid group ensures that this moiety is negatively charged in the pH ranges normally found in the intestinal tract and, thus, improves the surfactant properties of the cholic acid conjugate.
Taurine crosses the blood-brain barrier and has been implicated in a wide array of physiological phenomena including :
inhibitory neurotransmission, long-term potentiation in the striatum/hippocampus, membrane stabilization, feedback inhibition of neutrophil/macrophage respiratory burst, adipose tissue regulation and possible prevention of obesity, calcium homeostasis, recovery from osmotic shock, protection against glutamate excitotoxicity and prevention of epileptic seizures.
It also acts as an antioxidant and protects against toxicity of various substances (such as lead and cadmium).
Additionally, supplementation with taurine has been shown to prevent oxidative stress induced by exercise.
In a 2008 study, taurine has been shown to reduce the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cells.
High concentrations of serum lipids and apolipoprotein B100 (essential structural component of VLDL and LDL) are major risk factors of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
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